Emily Blackwell

Emily Blackwell Emily Blackwell Facts Known for:  co-founder of the New York Infirmary for Women and Childen; co-founder and for many years head of the Women’s Medical College; worked with her sister, Elizabeth Blackwell, first woman medical doctor (M.D.) and then carried on that work when Elizabeth Blackwell returned to England.Occupation:  physician, administratorDates:  October 8, 1826 – September 7, 1910 Background, Family: Mother: Hannah Lane BlackwellFather: Samuel BlackwellSiblings (Emily was 6th of the 9 surviving children of the family):Elizabeth Blackwell, medical doctorAnna, an artist, newspaper columnist, and translatorHenry married Lucy Stone, feminist and woman suffrage leaderSamuel married Antoinette Brown Blackwell, early ordinated minister and suffrage leaderSarah, writer, and artistGeorge Washington Blackwell, landownerMarianne, teacherJohn Education: Admitted to Rush College in Chicago in 1852, Rush did not permit her to return for a second year because of opposition of patients and the Illinois State Medical SocietyBellevue Hospital, New York City: observerWestern Reserve Medical School, graduated 1854 with honorsEdinburgh, Scotland, studied with Sir James Young SimpsonAlso studied at various clinics and hospitals in London, Paris, and Germany Marriage, Children: Never marriedâ€Å"Romantic friendship† with Dr. Elizabeth Cushier, who was her roommate at the Infirmary and with whom she shared a house from 1883 to Emily’s deathAdopted a baby, Nanny, when Emily was 44 years old Emily Blackwell Biography: Emily Blackwell, the 6th of her parents’ nine surviving children, was born in Bristol, England, in 1826. In 1832, her father, Samuel Blackwell, moved the family to America after a financial disaster destroyed his sugar refining business in England.   He opened a sugar refinery in New York City, where the family became involved in American reform movements and especially interested in abolition. Samuel soon moved the family to Jersey City. In 1836, a fire destroyed the new refinery, and Samuel became ill. He moved the family to Cincinnati for yet another new start, where he tried to start another sugar refinery. But he died in 1838 of malaria, leaving the older children, including Emily, to work to support the family. Teaching The family began a school, and Emily taught there for some years. In 1845, the eldest child, Elizabeth, believed that the family’s finances were stable enough that she could leave, and she applied to medical schools. No woman had ever been awarded an M.D. before, and most schools were not interested in being the first to admit a woman. Elizabeth was finally admitted to Geneva College in 1847. Emily, meanwhile, was still teaching, but she didn’t really take to it.   In 1848, she began a study of anatomy. Elizabeth went to Europe from 1849 – 1851 for further study, then returned to the United States where she founded a clinic. Medical Education Emily decided that she, too, would become a doctor, and the sisters dreamed of practicing together. In 1852, Emily was admitted to Rush College in Chicago, after rejections from 12 other schools. The summer before she began, she was admitted as an observer at Bellevue Hospital in New York, with the intervention of family friend Horace Greeley. She began her studies at Rush in October of 1852. The following summer, Emily again was an observer at Bellevue. But Rush College decided that she could not return for the second year. The Illinois State Medical Society was strongly opposed to women in medicine, and the college also reported that patients had objected to a female medical student. So Emily in the fall of 1853 was able to transfer to the medical school at Western Reserve University in Cleveland. She graduated in February of 1854 with honors, and then went abroad to Edinburgh to study obstetrics and gynecology with Sir James Simpson.   While in Scotland, Emily Blackwell began raising money towards the hospital that she and her sister Elizabeth planned to open, to be staffed by women doctors and to serve poor women and children. Emily also traveled to Germany, Paris, and London, admitted to clinics and hospitals for further study. Work with Elizabeth Blackwell In 1856, Emily Blackwell returned to America, and began working at Elizabeth’s clinic in New York, the New York Dispensary for Poor Women and Children, which was a one room operation. Dr. Marie Zakrzewska joined them in the practice. On May 12, 1857, the three women opened the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and children, financed with fundraising by the doctors and with help from Quakers and others. It was the first hospital in the United States explicitly for women and the first hospital in the United States with an all-woman medical staff. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell served as director, Dr. Emily Blackwell as the surgeon, and Dr. Zak, as Marie Zakrzewska was called, served as the resident physician. In 1858, Elizabeth Blackwell went to England, where she inspired Elizabeth Garrett Anderson to become a doctor. Elizabeth returned to America and rejoined the Infirmary’s staff. By 1860, the Infirmary was forced to relocate when its lease expired; the service had outgrown the location and bought a new location that was larger. Emily, a great fundraiser, talked the state legislature into funding the Infirmary at $1,000 a year. During the Civil War, Emily Blackwell worked with her sister Elizabeth on the Women’s Central Association of Relief to train nurses for service in the war on the side of the Union. This organization evolved into the Sanitary Commission (USSC). After draft riots in New York City, opposing the war, some in the city demanded that the Infirmary expels black women patients, but the hospital refused. Opening a Medical College for Women During this time, the Blackwell sisters were increasingly frustrated that medical schools would not admit women who had experience at the Infirmary. With still few options for medical training for women, in November of 1868, the Blackwells opened the Women’s Medical College next to the Infirmary. Emily Blackwell became the school’s professor of obstetrics and diseases of women, and Elizabeth Blackwell was the professor of hygiene, stressing prevention of disease. The following year, Elizabeth Blackwell moved back to England, believing that there was more she could do there than in the United States to expand medical opportunities for women. Emily Blackwell was, from that point, in charge of the Infirmary and the College continued the active medical practice, and also served as professor of obstetrics and gynecology. Despite her pioneering activities and central role at the Infirmary and College, Emily Blackwell was actually painfully shy. She had been repeatedly offered membership in the New York County Medical Society and had turned the Society down. But in 1871, she finally accepted. She began to overcome her shyness and make more public contributions to various reform movements. In the 1870s, the school and infirmary moved to yet larger quarters as it continued to grow. In 1893, the school became one of the first to establish a four-year curriculum, instead of the usual two or three years, and the next year, the school added a training program for nurses. Dr. Elizabeth Cushier, another physician at the Infirmary, became Emily’s roommate, and they later shared a house, from 1883 to Emily’s death, with a niece of Dr. Cushier. In 1870, Emily also adopted an infant, named Nanny, and raised her as her daughter. Closing the Hospital In 1899, Cornell University Medical College began admitting women. Also, Johns Hopkins by that time had begun admitting women for medical training. Emily Blackwell believed that the Women’s Medical College was no longer needed, with more opportunities for women’s medical education elsewhere, and funding was drying up as the school’s unique role also became less necessary. Emily Blackwell saw that the students at the college were transferred to Cornell’s program. She closed the school in 1899 and retired in 1900. The Infirmary continues today as NYU Downtown Hospital. Retirement and Death Emily Blackwell spent 18 months traveling in Europe after her retirement. When she returned, she wintered in Montclair, New Jersey, and summered in York Cliffs, Maine. She also often traveled to California or Southern Europe for her health. In 1906, Elizabeth Blackwell visited the United States and she and Emily Blackwell were briefly reunited.   In 1907, after leaving the U.S. again, Elizabeth Blackwell suffered an accident in Scotland which disabled her. Elizabeth Blackwell died in May 1910, after suffering a stroke. Emily died of enterocolitis in September of that year in her Maine home.

Homeopathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homeopathy - Essay Example According to the Wurges, (2005) Arsenicum Album is one of the most commonly used homeopathic remedies with a high success rate. With its ability to treat indigestion, allergies, food poisoning and fevers, it was the most appropriate solution in my case. According to the British Homeopathic Association, a website created to help patient access information on homeopathy; it documents a series of several success stories of patients who used Arsenicum album and were cured, with a long list under those that were suffering from alimentary system disorders (Gibson). Although Arsenicum Album has been found to be poisonous in some cases, appropriate use with guidance from a homeopath, has shown greater success in its use. Various scientists such as Andrea Gescher have been skeptical on the effectiveness of Arsenicum Album (Bhattacharya, 2003), but other studies such as the one carried out by Clausen, van Wijk, and Albrecht, (2011), showed that the pophylactic and therapeutic applications of t he rememdy have a high success rate. The rememdy is grouped under the fifteen important rememdies in homeopathy and its application is widely used cure both psychological and physical problems. It is therefore, a recommended remedy when it comes to homeopathy. Bhattacharya, S. (2003, October 22). Homeopathy reduces arsenic poisoning in mice. Retrieved from New Scientist:

Comparative projects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative projects - Assignment Example Thus, societies that fundamentally observe matrilocality and matrilineal descent will regard women with higher social functions than in one where their custom provides for patrilocality and patrilineal descent. The living arrangements upon marriage and the order of inheritance have a direct correlation to the status of women in the group. The practices of the Minangkabau of Indonesia and the Yanomamo of Venezuela illuminates on these differences as postulated by Scupin. Matrilineal societies do not necessarily imply that women are the center of power in this setting. This suggests that contrary to the belief of male dominance, women have a more active role and participation in society. Lewis Henry Morgan in his work Ancient Society which inspired no less than Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels theorizes that matriarchy had always been the standard during earlier times. But there was a movement toward patriarchy as adopted by men in order to secure that their property passes on to their male lineage in contrast to the matriarchal system where property is communal (as cited in Scupin, 2012, p. 228). Peggy Reeves Sanday in her study of the Minangkabau confronts the Western ideas of patriarchy. She writes that the women in this culture are viewed in an egalitarian manner rather than being subdued members of the tribe (as cited in Scupin, 2012, p. 230). On the other hand, Yanomamà ¶ are patrilineal and the men hold the most power. The common system in thei r survival follow the common conception of a patriarchal system where the men prepare the forest for agriculture while concurrently protecting everyone from intruders and the women tend to the vegetation and harvesting of crops as they simultaneously rear the children (Scupin, 2012, p. 175). The Minangkabau is recognized as the largest matrilineal society in the world and studied

The Federal Open Market Committee Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Federal Open Market Committee - Coursework Example The depository institutions of the economy hold some balances with the Federal Reserve Bank. The depository institutions also lend balances at the Federal Reserve to other such institutions overnight. The interest rate at which these balances are lent is known as the federal funds rate. The Federal Reserve, with the help of its three policy instruments, influences the demand and supply of these balances held by the depository institutions at the Federal Reserve and thus also changes the federal funds rate. As the federal funds rate changes, this starts a sequence of activities which influences other short term interest rates, long term interest rates, foreign exchange rates, amount of money and credit circulating in the economy, employment, output, the prices of goods and services and many other economic variables. (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) The Three Main Tools of Monetary Policy Open Market Operations: Under the open market operations, the Federal Reserve Bank buys and sells U.S Treasury bills and federal agency securities in the market. These operations are usually conducted to achieve a desired level of balance reserves which the depository institutions hold with the Federal Reserve. The operations can be conducted to achieve a desired value of the federal funds rate too. Usually, the short-term objectives of the open market operations are specified by the Federal Open Market Committee ... m, 2011) (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) The Discount Rate: The Federal Reserve Bank has its branches located in the different regions of USA. These regional Reserve Banks have a lending facility called the discount window through which they extend loans to the commercial banks and other depository institutions of that region. The interest rate charged on these loans is the discount rate. The Federal Reserve Banks offer three types of loans through their discount windows: primary credit, secondary credit and seasonal credit, extended at their respective discount rates. The primary credit discount rate is stipulated above the short-term market interest rate level. The secondary credit discount rate is set above the primary discount rate. The seasonal credit discount rate is determined by calculating an average of selected market interest rates. The regional Reserve Bank’s Board of Directors determines their respective discount rates, although they remai n to the review of Board of Governors of the central Federal Reserve Bank. The funds borrowed by the Commercial Banks from the Federal Reserve Bank from January- July 2011 can be seen from the following table: (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2011) Reserve Requirements: The Federal Reserve Bank stipulates an amount of funds that the depository agents should keep as reserves against specific amount of deposit liabilities. These are known as reserve requirements. The depository institutions usually hold these reserve requirements in the form of deposits or vault cash with the Federal Reserve Bank. Only the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Bank holds the power to change the reserve requirements. (Board of Governors

Vascular Reactivity in Hypertension

Vascular Reactivity in Hypertension Vascular Reactivity in Hypertension Introduction High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most important preventable causes of morbidity and premature death in the world. The major risk factor for ischemic and myocardial infarction, heart failure, chronic renal failure, premature death, cognitive decline and hemorrhagic stroke is hypertention. Untreated hypertension is usually associated with a progressive increase of blood pressure. Vascular and kidney it can cause lead to a was resistant to treatment Blood pressure is normally distributed in the population and not cut from the natural point above which hypertension is certainly and below which it is not. The associated risk with the increase in blood pressure is continuously, with each increase of 2 mmHg in systolic blood pressure associated with an increased risk of 7% of deaths from ischemic heart disease and 10% increased risk of stroke mortality. Hypertension is very common in the UK and prevalence is strongly influenced by age. In any individual, systolic and / or diastolic pressure can be high. Diastolic pressure increases more frequently in younger people 50. With age, systolic hypertension is becoming a bigger problem because of progressive stiffening and loss of performance of large arteries. At least a quarter of adults (And more than half of those over 60) have high blood pressure. Hypertension’s clinical management is one of the most common interventions in primary education care, representing about 1 million pounds in just 2006 drug costs. The guideline will accept that prescribers will use a summary of the drug product characteristics to inform decisions with individual patients. This guide recommends drugs for indications where lack of marketing in the world approval on the date of publication, if there is good evidence to support this use. Where recommendations were made for the use of drugs outside their approved indications (off label use ), these drugs are marked with a note in the recommendations. What is hypertension? Before understanding on hypertension, we must have a clear idea on blood pressure. It is the force exerted on artery walls when the heart pumps blood through the circulatory system. Rhythmic contractions of the left ventricle, results in cyclical changes in blood pressure. During ventricular systole, the heart pumps blood through the circulatory system, and the pressure in the arteries is at its highest level; this is called the systolic blood pressure. During diastole, the blood pressure in the system decreases and the diastolic blood pressure (1). Systolic and mean diastolic pressure during the cardiac cycle is the weighted average blood pressure over time; this is called the mean arterial pressure. The alternation of systolic and diastolic creates external and internal motions of the arterial walls, which are perceived as arterial pulsation. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Blood pressure is regulated by: Central factors; the factors that affect the heart Cardiac output. Heart rate. Peripheral factors: the factors that affect the blood vessels Diameter of blood vessels- Blood pressure is inversely proportional to the diameter of blood vessels. When the diameter is reduced, the peripheral resistance of elevated blood pressure is increased. Blood vessels, especially arterioles are always in a state partially limited due to vasomotor tone. Blood volume Venous return Velocity of blood flow Elasticity of blood vessels Peripheral resistance- Important that keeps this is the diastolic arterial pressure factor. Diastolic pressure is directly proportional to the peripheral resistance Hypertension is high blood pressure. The force of the blood is blood pressure against the walls of arteries as it flows there through. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body tissues. A normal systolic blood pressure less than 140 mm Hg: normal diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg Persistent increase in systemic blood pressure is known as hypertension. Clinically, when systolic blood pressure is above 150 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure rises above 90 mmHg, assuming the pressure.(1) Type of hypertension Hypertension has two major types. Primary hypertension Secondary hypertension, Primary hypertension Primary (essential) hypertension is the most common form of hypertension, which represents 90 to 95% of all cases of hypertension. In almost all contemporary societies, the increase in blood pressure with age and the risk of becoming hypertensive adults is appreciable. Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. Many common with little effect on genetic variations in blood pressure have been identified as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure but the genetic basis of hypertension is still poorly understood. Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. The lifestyle that lower blood pressure include reducing salt intake in the diet, increased consumption of fruit and low-fat (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)) exercise weight loss and reduced alcohol consumption. Stress seems to play a minor role with specific relaxation techniques not supported by the witness. The possible role of other factors such as caffeine, and vitamin D deficiency is less clear. Insulin resistance, which is common in obesity and is a component of Syndrome X (or Metabolic Syndrome), it is also believed to contribute to hypertension. Recent studies have also implicated in early life events (eg, low birth weight, maternal smoking and lack of breastfeeding) as risk factors for essential hypertension adults although the mechanisms linking this adult hypertension remain obscure exhibitions. Essential hypertension Essential hypertension has a multifactorial etiology Genetic factors Blood pressure tends to run in families and children of hypertensive parents tend to have high blood pressure. Children and parents of the same age with normal blood pressure. Fetal factors Subsequent hypertension pressure associate with low birth weight Environmental factors Among the many environmental factors that have been proposed, the following seems to be the most important: Obesity Alcohol intake Sodium intake Stress Humoral mechanisms The renin-angiotensin system and the autonomic nervous system, and the natriuretic peptide system, kallikrein-kinin plays a role in the physiological regulation of short term Changes in blood pressure and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Insulin resistance An association between diabetes and hypertension has a long syndrome was recognized and described in hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, reduced levels of HDL cholesterol hypertriglyceridemia and central obesity in association hypertension. Secondary hypertension Secondary hypertension is where the elevation of blood pressure is the result of a specific and potentially treatable cause. Secondary forms of hypertension are: Endocrine hypertension: This develops due to hyperactivity of endocrine glands as some Conns syndrome Cushings syndrome adrenal hyperplasia Neurogenic hypertension: Disorders of the nervous system that produce hypertension are Increased intracranial pressure Sectioning of nerve fibers from carotid sinus Renal hypertension: Renal diseases that cause hypertension are diabetic nephropathy chronic glomerulonephritis chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis Hypertension during pregnancy: The arterial blood pressure is increased by the low glomerular filtration rate and retention of sodium and water. Cardiovascular hypertension: This occurs due to cardiovascular disorders such as, Atherosclerosis : hardening of blood vessels coarctation of aorta : narrowing of aorta Drugs: There are many medications that cause or aggravate hypertension. NSAIDs, oralcontraceptives, steroids, carbenoxolone, liquorice, sympathomimetic and vasopressin. Experimental hypertension Hypertension can be produced in practical animals by various methods. Can be produced by, Clamping the renal artery Denervation of baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch Injections of corticosteroids Infusion of salts with aldosterone Manifestation of hypertension Left ventricular failure Renal failure Cerebral hemorrhage Retinal hemorrhage Treatments for hypertension Primary hypertension can be controlled but not cured. Secondary hypertension but is cured by treatment of hypertension in the cause of disease. Different types of antihypertensive drugs are given. Diuretics: Cause diuresis and reduce the volume of extracellular fluid and blood. So blood pressure is decreased Vasodilators: Cause vasodilation reducing the blood pressure. Inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme: Blood pressure is reduced due to formation of angiotensin is blocked. Beta blockers: Beta blockers block the sympathetic beta receptors. Thus, cardiac output is reduced. Inhibits vasoconstriction leading to drop in blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers: Calcium channel in the myocardium are blocked by these drugs reduce myocardial contractility. Cardiac output to the drop in blood pressure is reduced (3). What is the vascular reactivity? Vascular reactivity is essential in vascular function that allows the circulatory system to respond to physiological and pharmacological stimuli which require adjustment of blood flow and the vascular tone and diameter. Vascular reactivity occurs in two modes. Reactivity are vasoconstrictor and vasodilator reactivity. These forms may be exposed to levels both microvascular and macrovascular. Vascular reactivity in hypertension Vascular reactivity in humans has been studied in many different conditions with a variety of methods. The most effective methods use either intra-arterial or intravenous infusion after inhibition of sympathetic outflow and interpret the changes in flow and pressure in terms of work instead of vasoconstriction of resistance. Using these methods, the vascular reactivity to various substances, including norepinephrine and angiotensin II has been found to be increased in essential hypertension, but not in various types of renal hypertension. Some studies have shown that alpha-methyldopa, guanethidine and increased vascular reactivity, although lower blood pressure. Glucocorticoids increase reactivity in normotensive subjects, but not in patients with essential hypertension. Aldosterone and salt increased vascular reactivity, especially in hypertensive patients, but slightly in normotensive individuals (2). Vascular reactivity to different vasopressors has been extensively studied in different types of hypertension in experimental animals. The mechanisms underlying this hyper-responsiveness and its role in the development of hypertension are unclear. But, it has been suggested that high blood pressure may induce structural changes in the vessel wall adaptation, resulting in an increase of the wall: lumen ratio. This could responsible for the increase in vascular reactivity vasoconstrictors stimuli (4). Increased vascular reactivity in hypertension occurs in response to a variety of vasoconstrictor agents, epinephrine, norepinephrine, posterior pituitary extracts, tyramine and renin. Exposure to stress increases sympathetic outflow, and vasoconstriction induced stress can lead to vascular hypertrophy, which leads to progressive increases in peripheral resistance and blood pressure is repeated. People with a family history of hypertension and sympathetic vasoconstrictor obvious stressors increased laboratory tests such as cold and mental stress responses(5). Vascular reactivity to endothelin in hypertensive patients Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor substance as produced by the cardiovascular system. Therefore, a pathophysiological role of this peptide has been proposed under these conditions, such as hypertension, characterized by the increased vascular tone. The vasoconstrictor response to endothelin-1 is slightly higher in hypertensive patients than in normal subjects. There is an increase of the activity of the vascular endothelin in patients with essential hypertension, which may be the pathophysiological relevance to their increased vascular tone (6).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Vascular reactivity to catecholamine in hypertensive patients In hereditary essential hypertension, vascular reactivity is increased to vasoactive substances which act on the vascular sympathetic neuronal receptor complex and. Since this increase in reactivity is present in early disease progression and even pre-essential hypertension and associated with certain abnormal metabolism of catecholamines, this is probably an etiological factor. Inherited hypertension is probably caused by an abnormal gene or genes produce an abnormal protein or proteins that directly or indirectly affect sympathetic neural and systemic vascular contractile receptor sites (7). Established in human hypertension, baroreceptor mechanisms remain active. But the blood pressure is maintained at a high level again in place of the normal blood pressure. This process is known as reset baroreceptor. The upward adjustment of these baroreceptors occurs not only in the primary or essential hypertension, high blood pressure, but also secondary to renal disease or other types. In most patients with established hypertension, catecholamine excretion is within normal limits so that if the neurological part kept the blood pressure is increased in pressure, is probably the result of an increased effect activity nerve rather than an increase in the activity itself. This could occur by an increase in the sensitivity of the blood vessels to the endogenous norepinephrine produced by the sympathetic nerve endings. The hypertensive patients have a significantly greater response to norepinephrine than normal subjects. There are a number of possible relationships between increased vascular reactivity and high blood pressure. An important preliminary to elucidating the significance of the altered vascular reactivity is to determine whether it represents a metabolic or a structural vascular abnormality, which causes high blood pressure, or whether it is one of the ways in which a rise in blood pressure, initiated by some other mechanism, becomes an established change (8). After administrating norepinephrine to the patients with essential hypertension, it has been proven that the initial constriction of vessels is greater in hypertensive individuals than in normotensive individual. Hypertensive patients had a significantly higher response to norepinephrine than normal subjects. There are a number of possible relationships between increased vascular reactivity and high blood pressure. An important preliminary to elucidate the importance of altered vascular reactivity is whether it represents a metabolic abnormality or structural vascular, causing high blood pressure, or is one of the means by which an increase in blood pressure he started by another mechanism, becomes a set rate . After the administration of norepinephrine in patients with essential hypertension, it has been shown that constriction of blood vessels is higher than initial hypertensive than in normotensive subjects(9) . Reference Paul A. Iaizzo. Hand book of cardiac anatomy, physiology, and devices. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 181-182 Kim E. Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano, Heddwen L. Brooks. Ganong’s review of medical physiology. 24th ed. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p. 590-592 Kumar Clark Clinical medicine 6E (857-864) A. E. Doyle, J. R. E. Fraser. Vascular reactivity in hypertension. Journal of the American heart association. 1961; vol 9: 755-761 Milton Mendlowitz. Vascular reactivity in essential and renal hypertension in man. American heart journal.1967; vol 73. Issue 1: 121-128 and Milton Mendlowitz. Vascular reactivity in systemic arterial hypertension. American heart journal.1973vol 85.issue 2: 252-259 B. K. Bhattacharya, N. K. Dadkar, A. N. Dohadwalla. Vascular reactivity of perfused vascular bed in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Br. J. pharmac.1977;59:243-246 Carmine Cardillo, Crescence M. Kilcoyne, Myron Waclawiw, Richard O. Cannon, Julio A. Panza. Role of endothelin in the increased vascular tone of patients with essential hypertension. American heart association.1998.vol 65. James Conway. Vascular reactivity in experimental hypertension measured after hexmethonium. Journal of the American heart association.1958; 17:807-810

Men and Women in Non-Traditional Sports Essay examples -- Sports Femal

Men and Women in Non-Traditional Sports The benefits of an individual entering a non-traditional sport for his or her sex can be huge – but they are usually greater for society in general than for the athlete him/herself. Being the first person to break into a non-traditional sport would obviously be trying on the athlete, who would have to face the questioning and criticisms of media, fans, and even their fellow athletes. But one athlete’s determination and persistence can open up a whole new world to both athletes and spectators. In the early 1900s, women did not participate much in figure skating competitions, partly because of the fact that they had to wear long, movement-hindering skirts. But some women did fight to participate. Eventually, when they were allowed to change certain rules (such as the one about wearing long skirts), women proved that they could compete with men. They were permitted to participate in competitions like the National Championships and the Olympics, and soon after that, women’s figure skating became an immensely popular sport. Today, it is traditionally one of the most-watched events of the Olympic games. Similarly, the NHL’s Tampa Bay Lightning invited female hockey goaltender Manon Rheaume to training camp in 1992. She played one exhibition game against St. Louis before being sent to the minors, but the publicity surrounding her stint with the National Hockey League did wonders for women in hockey. In the 1998 Olympics, women’s ice hockey was introduced as a new sport. The victory of the US Olympic team made the sport even more popular in the United States, and it is not uncommon today to see girls alongside the boys at youth hockey practices. Desegregating a sport can also add a ne... ...orts has been great in recent years. Women of the past broke barriers in sports such as track/field and figure skating, and women of recent times have broken the gender barriers in sports like basketball and hockey. Now, having women participate in sports like figure skating is not only totally natural, but a crucial part of major competitions such as the Olympics. Similarly, the sports like basketball and hockey will soon become integrated and will gain popularity among female athletes to the same degree. On the other hand, some male athletes are fighting for equality in typically female sports. As these pioneers break down gender barriers, they make way for the athletes of the future. While there are many issues that need to be resolved when barriers are broken, hopefully soon in the future all athletes will be looked at for their ability rather than their gender. Men and Women in Non-Traditional Sports Essay examples -- Sports Femal Men and Women in Non-Traditional Sports The benefits of an individual entering a non-traditional sport for his or her sex can be huge – but they are usually greater for society in general than for the athlete him/herself. Being the first person to break into a non-traditional sport would obviously be trying on the athlete, who would have to face the questioning and criticisms of media, fans, and even their fellow athletes. But one athlete’s determination and persistence can open up a whole new world to both athletes and spectators. In the early 1900s, women did not participate much in figure skating competitions, partly because of the fact that they had to wear long, movement-hindering skirts. But some women did fight to participate. Eventually, when they were allowed to change certain rules (such as the one about wearing long skirts), women proved that they could compete with men. They were permitted to participate in competitions like the National Championships and the Olympics, and soon after that, women’s figure skating became an immensely popular sport. Today, it is traditionally one of the most-watched events of the Olympic games. Similarly, the NHL’s Tampa Bay Lightning invited female hockey goaltender Manon Rheaume to training camp in 1992. She played one exhibition game against St. Louis before being sent to the minors, but the publicity surrounding her stint with the National Hockey League did wonders for women in hockey. In the 1998 Olympics, women’s ice hockey was introduced as a new sport. The victory of the US Olympic team made the sport even more popular in the United States, and it is not uncommon today to see girls alongside the boys at youth hockey practices. Desegregating a sport can also add a ne... ...orts has been great in recent years. Women of the past broke barriers in sports such as track/field and figure skating, and women of recent times have broken the gender barriers in sports like basketball and hockey. Now, having women participate in sports like figure skating is not only totally natural, but a crucial part of major competitions such as the Olympics. Similarly, the sports like basketball and hockey will soon become integrated and will gain popularity among female athletes to the same degree. On the other hand, some male athletes are fighting for equality in typically female sports. As these pioneers break down gender barriers, they make way for the athletes of the future. While there are many issues that need to be resolved when barriers are broken, hopefully soon in the future all athletes will be looked at for their ability rather than their gender.

Blozis Company

Part 1 – Executive Summary My decision, as the supply manager of the Blozis company, is to implement new processes and procedures in the supply department. One of the changes to be made in the processes and procedures will include having the expediter’s role primarily limited to the expedition of materials. An expediter is the person in charge of scheduling purchases, purchasing and scheduling the delivery of materials and services, as well as checking orders and speeding up the arrival of materials needed to meet production schedules. The current expediter, besides undertaking these responsibilities, is also taking on a number of other responsibilities that are taking away from his abilities to properly complete his core job responsibilities. In addition, the process for the receiving of products and materials will be improved so that items received into inventory are properly accounted for, as well as properly accounted for once they leave inventory, so that they are charged to the correct departmental budget and are paid for in a timely manner so that early payment discounts are taken advantage of. A current and accurate inventory is necessary in order to properly manage the supply department. In regards to approval of requisitions, despite the fact the president likes to operate â€Å"informally† it is important to ensure that the required signatures are obtained on all requisitions as this helps to hold people accountable for their purchases and to control costs and remain within budget. Even though purchases over $10,000.00 may have technically been approved by the president in the budget, they are not realized purchases and in order to ensure they do fall within budget requirements, the president still should be required to execute these requisitions. As well to ensure managers are informed and can be held accountable to what items are charged to their departments, it is prudent to include on the requisition the signature of the manager of the department for which the purchase is being made. Finally the engineering department should be required to be as detailed and accurate in their descriptions and specifications on all purchase orders. While the current expeditor has some technical background, all purchase orders should be supplied to the supply department with detailed specifications to ensure the correct materials and parts are purchased and supplied. Even though the main responsibility for this should still fall to the engineering department, there is no reason why the continued process of discussing the details of purchase orders with the expeditor could not continue as well, as this will ensure greater accuracy in the specifications detailed on their purchase orders together with greater accuracy in the fulfillment of the purchase orders. Part 2 – Immediate Issue with Impact Analysis Besides expediting parts and materials throughout the company, the expeditor was also writing purchase requisitions and purchase orders. At times the expeditor would just pick up parts and advise suppliers that they would receive â€Å"confirming orders† that never followed. This resulted in the supply department at times receiving invoices for items that could not be matched to a corresponding purchase order. In order to control costs, remain within budget and to ensure accurate inventory and purchases, this process cannot continue. The Blozis Company needs to have their expeditor doing just that, expediting items throughout the company and not writing purchase requisitions and orders. The writing of purchase requisitions and orders should be limited to the engineering and production personnel. The current inventory and purchasing process within the Blozis Company is allowing for inventory to go missing, payments for materials and items received to be missed, as well as the receiving of invoices for payments to suppliers that are not supported by purchase orders. The current processes or lack of processes are not allowing for the proper tracking and accounting of inventory; the control of cost as purchasing discounts are being missed and invoicing is being received and paid for without proper documentation that the items were in fact ordered and received. This lax in documentation and recording of items is also impacting on the ability of each department to remain within budget. The company, as well, can no longer function without proper processes that are diligently followed in regards to signatures on purchase requisitions. Again this allows for greater control over costs, purchasing accountability and adherence to budget restrictions. As a whole the company needs to completely overhaul their current processes and procedures in their supply department in order to address the issues as detailed above. Part 3 – Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Under the current processes in the supply department the expeditor is spending too much time handling technical orders. While his involvement in technical orders to a degree does assist with greater accuracy in the fulfillment of these purchase orders, it is taking away from his time to expedite materials and items throughout the company. This has resulted in corners being cut which have cost the company money. For example, two special micrometers disappeared within the plant after the Blozis Company had waited six months to receive them. The supplier of these micrometers was able to prove that Blozis did receive these items as evidenced by a signed bill of lading, but it appears the expeditor, in an attempt to get these items to the engineers as quickly as possible, may have just picked up the micrometers on the receiving dock and taken them directly to the engineers. The expeditor on the other hand claims to never have seen the micrometers. Since no documentation was in place to evidence what happened, it became a he said she said situation, but in the end the two special micrometers were still gone at a financial loss to the company. In addition, when the expeditor was pressed for time, instead of completing the necessary purchase order, he would just pick up a desired item from a suppler and advise the supplier that they would be receiving a â€Å"confirming order† for the item or items he picked up. A number of times the expeditor would forget to ask supply for a confirming order and when the invoice arrived from the supplier for payment, the supply department was faced with an invoice for which they had no confirming order documentation to support the payment of. Besides the aforementioned issues relating to the lack of completed receiving reports, there was also the issue of suppliers claiming long overdue payments on materials that have been received by the Blozis Company. The supply department would not pass on a bill for payment until they had received the receiving report, which is a good process as this controlled the possibility of paying for materials that were never received. On the other hand, the lax of completion and/or the timely submission of the receiving reports to the supply department resulted in the delay of bills submitted for payment that included sizable discounts for early payment as well as not meeting the net date on several bills. This lax in the necessity of following process and procedures in order to ensure the correct documentation was in place to record and support purchases, was not only exercised by the supply department. The president of the company liked to operate â€Å"informally† and allowed anyone in the company to initiate requisitions with only the signature of the supply manager for any orders up to a value of $10,000.00. Many managers were complaining they were unaware of what was being charged to their departments until the monthly accounting statement came out. Changes need to be made to include, on each requisition, the signature of the manager of the department to which the requisition is being made. This allows for more managerial accountability in the control of their budgets. Part 4 – Alternatives and/or Options Based on the information that has been provided to the writer, it is their position that the issues are clearly identifiable and that solutions in regards to addressing these issues are contained herein. Despite the fact that specific issues have been identified, as with any process there could be room for more improvement in other areas that are not the subject matter of this report. Bearing this in mind, the supply department may also wish to conduct a process mapping session which will detail the entire process as it exists today and from this be able to indentify other areas of the process that require improvement. I do not believe there are any other viable alternative in regards to the solutions that have been presented herein, but the conducting of a process mapping session will only build upon and possibly lead to the discovery of more issues so that the process can be improved even further. Part 5 – Recommendation and Implementation In regards to the role of the expeditor, it should be mainly limited to the expediting of materials and items throughout the company. His role in the handling of technical orders should be decreased with more responsibility in this regard falling on the engineering department. If purchase requisitions are written with greater specifications without as much reliance on the expeditor to assist in the writing of same, another individual within the supply department could be trained to assist with these technical orders. The implementation of these changes will begin with the manager of the engineering department meeting with his group as well as the manager of the expeditor meeting with him to ascertain what their current involvement is in regard to technical orders. Once this information is obtained, then all managers will meet in order to discuss how these job responsibilities will be allocated between the engineering department and th e expeditor. Once this have been finalized, a further meeting will be held that will include all managers, the engineering department and the expeditor so that everyone can be advised of the changes in their job responsibilities going forward. In regards to inventory control all products received must be documented and signed off on by the receiving clerk and there must be a matching purchase order to go along with the bill of lading and/or packing slip. No items should be received into inventory in the supply department without a corresponding approved purchase order. The supply department at all times is to receive a receiving report so that they can arrange for the timely payment of invoices in order to take advantage of purchasing discounts. The process for this is to be implemented by the supply manager. To provide for further control, no one, including the expediter should be allowed to take a product or item out of inventory without providing a requisition for same. Again the process for this will be implemented by the supply manager. In order to facilitate communication of when products and materials have arrived and are in inventory, the company should purchase inventory software that all interested parties will have access to, so that they can check for themselves when products have arrived. A meeting will be held between all managers of all departments in order to discuss which software will meet their needs and once decided the software will be purchased and put into use. To assist managers being made aware of what materials are being charged to their departments, all purchase requisitions should also require the signature of the manager of the respective department for which the purchase is made in addition to the supply manager’s. The supply manager should never receive and process a purchase requisition unless the signature of the applicable department manager is contained on the requisitions. This process will be implemented by the supply manager. Part 6 – Monitor and Control In regards to monitoring and controlling the success of the changes in the job responsibilities of the expeditor, there will be a follow up meetings between all parties affected, within 2 weeks of the changes taking place just to ensure things are still in place and that no one has slipped back into their old roles. After this for a further 6 month period there will again be mnthly meetings to monitor that everything is still on track in regard to the changes. In regards to the change in the process to bring around greater inventory control, a person outside of the supply department will be assigned various audit responsibilities and will attend in the supply department, initially, on a monthly basis to ensure the controls put in place are being complied with, for example that all necessary documentation has been completed so that all inventory is recorded being received and taken out of inventory. After each audit session the auditor will be required to complete an audit report that will be delivered to the supply manager. The report will detail all areas where they have discovered non-compliance with a time line presented to the area affected to bring the process and department into compliance. It is the expectation of the writer, that if the recommendations as detailed herein are fully and accurately followed, there will be substantial improvement in the operations of the supply department and within Blozis as a whole.